The push-out bond strength of three root canal materials used in primary teeth - in vitro study

At a Glance

Metadata	Details
Publication Date	2023-03-24
Journal	Frontiers in Dental Medicine
Authors	Hazal Özer, Merve Abaklı İnci, Sevcihan Açar Tuzluca
Institutions	Necmettin Erbakan University
Citations	2
Analysis	Full AI Review Included

Technical Documentation & Sales Analysis: Precision Material Processing in Biomedical Research

This document analyzes the methodology and results of the study, “The push-out bond strength of three root canal materials used in primary teeth: in vitro study,” to highlight the critical role of high-precision material science and advanced diamond tooling, aligning with 6CCVD’s core capabilities.

Executive Summary

This study successfully quantified the bond strength of three root canal sealers using highly controlled in vitro methods, demonstrating the necessity of precision material processing and testing equipment.

Core Achievement: BIOfactor MTA (silicate-based) exhibited statistically significant superior bond strength to root dentin compared to calcium hydroxide-based sealers (DiaPaste, Calplus).
Maximum Strength: BIOfactor MTA achieved a maximum measured bond strength of 81.15 MPa, highlighting its potential for improved endodontic success.
Precision Sample Preparation: The methodology relied on ultra-precise transverse cutting using a water-cooled low-speed diamond saw to produce standardized 2 mm thick dentin discs.
Controlled Testing: Push-out testing was performed using a Universal Testing Machine with a 0.75 mm diameter stainless steel piston at a controlled thrust rate of 1 mm/min.
Surface Metrology: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, requiring highly polished and prepared surfaces (coated with Gold/Palladium), was essential for failure mode classification (predominantly cohesive failure observed).
Material Science Relevance: The research underscores the demand for materials (like CVD diamond) capable of achieving nanoscale surface finishes (Ra < 1 nm) and providing durable, high-precision tooling necessary for biomedical sample preparation and metrology.

Technical Specifications

The following hard data points were extracted from the study, focusing on critical processing and measurement parameters:

Parameter	Value	Unit	Context
Sample Size	60	Discs	30 primary central teeth (2 discs/tooth)
Disc Thickness	2	mm	Obtained from the middle third of the root
Disc Diameter Enlargement	1.3	mm	Using Gates Glidden drills (No. 2, 3, 4)
Incubation Conditions	37 °C, 100%	Humidity	1 week setting time for sealers
Push-Out Piston Diameter	0.75	mm	Stainless steel cylindrical piston
Thrust Rate	1	mm/min	Applied vertical force (apical to coronal)
Lowest Mean Bond Strength	0.43 ± 0.28	MPa	Calplus group
Highest Mean Bond Strength	24.24 ± 17.78	MPa	BIOfactor MTA group
Maximum Measured Strength	81.15	MPa	BIOfactor MTA (highest single measurement)
Failure Mode Majority	95.0 - 96.67	%	Cohesive failure (across all groups)
Microscopy Magnification	500	x	Stereomicroscope and SEM analysis

Key Methodologies

The experimental design relied heavily on precision cutting, shaping, and surface analysis, areas where CVD diamond materials are essential for tool longevity and accuracy.

Initial Preparation: 30 primary central teeth were stored in 0.1% thymol at 4 °C.
Crown Removal & Standardization: Crowns were removed perpendicular to the long axis using a water-cooled low-speed IsoMet diamond saw. Root length was standardized to 8 mm.
Canal Shaping: Root canals were shaped using a Protaper universal file system up to #30 file (0.4 taper) and irrigated with 5% NaOCl, saline, 17% EDTA (smear layer removal), and distilled water.
Dentin Disc Creation: 2 mm thick discs were cut transversely from the middle third of the roots using the water-cooled low-speed ISOMET diamond drill.
Cavity Enlargement: The resulting discs were enlarged to 1.3 mm diameter using Gates Glidden drills.
Sealer Placement & Setting: Sealers (BIOfactor MTA, Calplus, DiaPaste) were placed in the cavities and incubated for 1 week at 37 °C and 100% humidity.
Surface Finishing: Root surfaces were sanded to achieve a smooth, clear surface prior to testing.
Push-Out Testing: Discs were mounted in a steel holder on an Instron Universal Testing Machine (Model 4444). Vertical force was applied using a 0.75 mm piston at 1 mm/min until failure.
Failure Analysis: Samples were inspected at 500x magnification using a stereomicroscope and SEM (Hitachi SU-1510) after coating with Gold/Palladium for 3 minutes.

6CCVD Solutions & Capabilities

The high-precision sample preparation and metrology required in this study—specifically the use of diamond cutting tools (IsoMet saw/drill) and advanced microscopy (SEM)—directly align with 6CCVD’s expertise in high-quality CVD diamond materials. Our products enable the next generation of durable, precise tooling and advanced sensor platforms for biomedical research.

Applicable Materials

To replicate or extend research requiring ultra-precise cutting, polishing, or high-resolution imaging, 6CCVD recommends the following materials:

6CCVD Material	Application in Biomedical Research	Key Capability Match
Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD)	Manufacturing of high-wear, low-vibration cutting wheels (e.g., IsoMet saw blades) and high-precision dental drills.	Custom Dimensions: Plates/wafers up to 125 mm for large-scale tool fabrication.
Optical Grade Single Crystal Diamond (SCD)	High-resolution SEM windows, specialized optical components for spectroscopy (e.g., FTIR analysis of sealer composition), or durable AFM tips.	Polishing: Ra < 1 nm surface finish for superior optical clarity and metrology platforms.
Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD)	Electrochemical sensors for analyzing material degradation or pH changes in biological fluids (relevant for MTA/Ca(OH)₂ sealers).	Thickness Control: SCD/PCD layers from 0.1 µm to 500 µm for optimized sensor performance.

Customization Potential

The study’s reliance on standardized, high-tolerance sample dimensions (2 mm thickness, 1.3 mm diameter) highlights the need for reliable, repeatable material processing. 6CCVD supports this requirement through:

Precision Tooling Blanks: We supply high-quality PCD blanks and substrates for manufacturers creating the next generation of diamond cutting and grinding tools, ensuring the longevity and accuracy required for preparing delicate biological samples like dentin discs.
Custom Dimensions: 6CCVD provides SCD and PCD wafers in custom dimensions up to 125 mm, ideal for developing large-area, high-throughput processing equipment used in material testing labs.
Advanced Metalization: While this paper used Gold/Palladium coating for SEM, 6CCVD offers in-house metalization (Au, Pt, Pd, Ti, W, Cu) on diamond substrates, crucial for integrating diamond into advanced sensor arrays or micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) used in next-generation biomedical testing.

Engineering Support

6CCVD’s in-house PhD team specializes in the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of CVD diamond. We can assist researchers and engineers working on similar High-Precision Mechanical Testing projects by:

Consulting on optimal diamond grades (SCD vs. PCD) for specific tooling applications requiring extreme hardness and wear resistance.
Providing material characterization data (e.g., thermal conductivity, surface roughness) essential for designing water-cooled, high-speed cutting systems.
Developing custom diamond substrates for advanced metrology and imaging platforms, ensuring stable, high-purity environments for sensitive measurements.

For custom specifications or material consultation, visit 6ccvd.com or contact our engineering team directly.

View Original Abstract

The study aims to compare the bond strength of three primary tooth root canal filling materials to the root canal wall with a push-out test (Calplus, DiaPaste, BIOfactor MTA). First, 30 primary central teeth were cut transversely using a water-cooled low-speed diamond saw vertical to the long axis to obtain 2 mm thick discs from the middle third of the roots. Next the materials used were placed on dentin discs and kept in an incubator for 1 week at 37°C and 100% humidity until the hardening mechanism of the root-canal sealer was completed. Finally, a vertical force was placed on each material from apical to coronal with a 0.75 mm diameter stainless steel cylindrical piston without contacting the root canal dentin. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 program and the Mann-Whitney U test was used as a post hoc test. There was a statistically significant difference between the bonding values of different primary tooth root canal sealers to root canal dentin ( p &lt; 0.05). Among the maximum binding values, the lowest measurement was in Calplus (0.43 ± 0.28 MPa), and the highest measurement was in BIOfactor MTA (24.24 ± 17.78 MPa) ( p &lt; 0.05). BIOfactor MTA has a higher bonding value to root canal dentin than calcium hydroxide-based primary tooth canal sealers.

Tech Support

Original Source

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fdmed.2023.1140794

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