Bond Strength Stability of Different Dual-Curing Adhesive Cements towards CAD-CAM Resin Nanoceramic - An In Vitro Study

At a Glance

Metadata	Details
Publication Date	2021-04-27
Journal	Applied Sciences
Authors	Edoardo Alberto Vergano, Andrea Baldi, Allegra Comba, Edoardo Italia, Giorgio Ferrero
Institutions	University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, University of Turin
Citations	4
Analysis	Full AI Review Included

Technical Documentation & Analysis: Advanced CAD-CAM Material Integration

This document analyzes the findings of the research paper, focusing on the stringent material requirements and precision manufacturing techniques utilized, and connects these needs directly to the advanced capabilities and material solutions offered by 6CCVD in the field of MPCVD diamond technology.

Executive Summary

This study evaluates the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) stability of dual-curing adhesive cements applied to CAD-CAM resin nanoceramic (Cerasmart) over a 12-month aging period in artificial saliva. The findings underscore the critical role of material chemistry and surface preparation in achieving durable restorative solutions, a principle highly relevant to advanced diamond applications in biomaterials and precision tooling.

Core Achievement: Panavia V5 cement demonstrated significantly higher initial µTBS values (32.45 MPa ± 7.71) compared to Bifix QM and Estecem when bonding to Cerasmart nanoceramic.
Durability Confirmed: Aging in artificial saliva for 12 months at 37 °C did not significantly degrade the bond strength for any tested system, confirming long-term stability.
Methodological Precision: The study relied on highly precise material preparation, including standardized surface abrasion (600-grit dentin smear layer) and micro-scale sectioning (1 mm x 1 mm beams) for µTBS testing.
Failure Analysis: A prevalence of adhesive failures was observed, indicating that the adhesive interface, rather than the bulk material, remains the critical point of stress concentration.
6CCVD Strategic Pivot: The need for extreme material stability, precision processing, and high-wear resistance in CAD-CAM workflows directly aligns with 6CCVD’s expertise in MPCVD Single Crystal Diamond (SCD) and Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) for next-generation tooling, sensors, and biocompatible implants.

Technical Specifications

The following hard data points were extracted from the study, highlighting the precision required for biomaterial testing and processing:

Parameter	Value	Unit	Context
Highest Initial µTBS (T0)	32.45 ± 7.71	MPa	Panavia V5 cement
Highest Aged µTBS (T12)	35.55 ± 6.18	MPa	Panavia V5 cement (1 year aging)
Aging Medium	Artificial Saliva	N/A	Mimicking oral environment
Aging Temperature	37	°C	Standardized storage condition
Aging Duration	12	Months	Long-term stability test
CAD-CAM Filler Content	71	% wt	Silica (20 nm) and Barium Glass (300 nm)
Dentin Surface Preparation	600	Grit	Standardized smear layer creation
Sandblasting Media	50	µm	Al₂O₃ powder
Sandblasting Pressure	1.5	bar	Applied to CAD-CAM slabs
µTBS Beam Dimensions	1 x 1	mm	Required for microtensile testing
Light Curing Time	60	s	Applied after 60 s compression

Key Methodologies

The experimental protocol emphasizes high-precision material handling and controlled surface modification, techniques critical for advanced material science applications.

Substrate Preparation: Intact molars were flattened to expose sound coronal dentin. A standardized smear layer was created using 600-grit silicon carbide paper.
CAD-CAM Sectioning: Cerasmart blocks were serially sectioned using a low-speed diamond saw to obtain 4 mm thick slabs.
Surface Activation: Slabs were sandblasted with 50 µm Al₂O₃ powder at 1.5 bar pressure to enhance mechanical retention, followed by rinsing with pure alcohol.
Adhesive Protocol: Specimens were divided into groups based on the dual-curing cement (Panavia V5, Bifix QM, Estecem). Specific primers (e.g., Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus, Panavia Tooth Primer) were applied according to manufacturer instructions.
Luting and Curing: Adhesive cement was applied, followed by 60 s of constant pressure and 60 s of light curing using a multi-LED lamp.
Microtensile Specimen Creation: After 7 days of storage, specimens were serially sectioned into 1 mm x 1 mm beams using a low-speed diamond saw.
Testing and Analysis: Half of the beams were tested immediately (T0), and the remaining half were aged for 12 months (T12) in artificial saliva (37 °C) before testing to failure at a rate of 1 mm/min.

6CCVD Solutions & Capabilities

The precision required for CAD-CAM material processing and the demand for long-term material stability in biomaterials are core competencies of 6CCVD. Our MPCVD diamond materials offer solutions for both the tooling required to machine these hard nanoceramics and for superior, biocompatible implant surfaces.

Applicable Materials

While the study focused on resin nanoceramics, 6CCVD provides materials essential for the next generation of dental and medical devices, leveraging diamond’s extreme properties:

Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD): Ideal for advanced dental biosensors, electrochemical sensing platforms, and highly stable, biocompatible implant coatings due to its chemical inertness and stability in biological environments.
Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD): Essential for high-wear, high-precision CAD-CAM milling tools used to machine ultra-hard restorative materials like zirconia and nanoceramics. Available in large formats for industrial tooling applications.
Optical Grade Single Crystal Diamond (SCD): Used in high-power laser optics and specialized medical imaging components where extreme purity and thermal management are critical.

Customization Potential

The study’s reliance on precise 1 mm x 1 mm beam sectioning highlights the need for materials that can be manufactured and processed with micron-level accuracy. 6CCVD excels in providing custom solutions that meet these stringent requirements:

Research Requirement	6CCVD Capability Match	Technical Specification
Precision Sectioning & Geometry	Custom dimensions and laser cutting services for complex shapes and micro-features.	Plates/wafers up to 125mm (PCD); Substrates up to 10mm thick.
Ultra-Smooth Surfaces	High-quality polishing services to ensure optimal surface energy for reliable adhesion and luting protocols.	SCD Polishing: Ra < 1nm; Inch-size PCD Polishing: Ra < 5nm.
Adhesion Layer Integration	Custom metalization for creating robust chemical bonding layers or electrical contacts on diamond substrates (e.g., for BDD sensors).	In-house Metalization: Au, Pt, Pd, Ti, W, Cu deposition capabilities.
High-Wear Tooling	Providing bulk PCD material for durable, long-lasting CAD-CAM milling and cutting tools.	PCD Thickness: 0.1µm to 500µm.

Engineering Support

The paper discusses the complex chemical interactions (e.g., 10-MDP functional monomer, silane coupling agents) required for durable bonding. 6CCVD’s in-house PhD team provides expert consultation on surface functionalization and material selection for projects requiring the integration of diamond into complex systems, such as:

Optimizing surface preparation (polishing, plasma treatment) of BDD substrates to maximize stability and sensitivity for biomedical sensing projects.
Designing robust metalization stacks (e.g., Ti/Pt/Au) on SCD/PCD for reliable electrical or structural integration into medical devices.
Assisting with material selection for similar high-wear CAD-CAM tooling projects requiring extreme hardness and thermal stability.

Call to Action

6CCVD is the global leader in providing high-quality, custom MPCVD diamond solutions for demanding scientific and engineering applications. We offer global shipping (DDU default, DDP available) to ensure timely delivery of your critical materials.

For custom specifications or material consultation, visit 6ccvd.com or contact our engineering team directly.

View Original Abstract

Background: To evaluate different adhesive luting procedures on coronal dentin bond-strength of Cerasmart CAD-CAM blocks with μTBS test. Methods: 36 molar crowns were flattened in order to expose sound dentin and a standardized smear layer was created with 600 grit paper. Specimens were divided into six groups according to the luting cement employed (n = 12 each): G1: Panavia V5 (Kuraray, Japan); G2: Bifix QM (Voco, Germany); G3: Estecem (Tokuyama, Japan). CAD-CAM blocks (Cerasmart, GC), shade A2LT, size 14, were sectioned with a diamond saw to obtain 4 mm high specimens, which were then luted on the coronal dentin, following the manufacturer instructions. Specimens were serially sectioned to obtain 1 mm thick beams in accordance with the μTBS test technique. Half of the beams were stressed to failure after 24 h (t = 0), while the other half were stored in artificial saliva for 12 months, at 37 °C, for ageing before stressing to failure (t = 12). Results: two-way ANOVA test showed significant difference for the factor “luting cement” (p = 0.0002), while the factor “time of storage” (p = 0.0991) had no significant effect on µTBS. Conclusions: PanaviaV5 seems to have better µTBS values at T0 than QM and ES and 1 year aging doesn’t seem to affect the bonding strength of tested systems.

Tech Support

Original Source

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093971

References

2015 - A New Classification System for All-Ceramic and Ceramic-like Restorative Materials [Crossref]
2015 - Mechanical Properties of Resin-Ceramic CAD/CAM Restorative Materials [Crossref]
2015 - Adhesive Luting of New CAD/CAM Materials
2004 - A 10-Year Prospective Evaluation of CAD/CAM-Manufactured (Cerec) Ceramic Inlays Cemented with a Chemically Cured or Dual-Cured Resin Composite
2009 - Curing Efficiency of Four Self-Etching, Self-Adhesive Resin Cements [Crossref]
2016 - Effect of Lithium Disilicate Veneers of Different Thickness on the Degree of Conversion and Microhardness of a Light-Curing and a Dual-Curing Cement [Crossref]
2001 - Curing Potential of Dual-Polymerizable Resin Cements in Simulated Clinical Situations [Crossref]
2016 - Comparison of Immediate and Delayed Light-Curing on Nano-Indentation Creep and Contraction Stress of Dual-Cured Resin Cements [Crossref]
2011 - Self-Adhesive Resin Cements—Chemistry, Properties and Clinical Considerations: SELF-ADHESIVE CEMENTS [Crossref]
2016 - Mechanical Properties and Sliding-Impact Wear Resistance of Self-Adhesive Resin Cements [Crossref]