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6CCVD Research

Detection of Quinine in Phospate Buffered 0,1 M by Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes

At a Glance

Section titled “At a Glance”
MetadataDetails
Publication Date2025-03-10
JournalEngineering chemistry
AuthorsIrsyad Al Habib, Andi Idhil Ismail, Dewi Umanigrum, Agung Purniawan, Murni Handayani
InstitutionsInstitut Teknologi Kalimantan, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology
AnalysisFull AI Review Included

Technical Documentation & Analysis: Boron-Doped Diamond for Quinine Sensing

Section titled “Technical Documentation & Analysis: Boron-Doped Diamond for Quinine Sensing”

Reference Paper: Detection of Quinine in Phosphate Buffered 0.1 M by Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes (Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 9, pp 23-32, 2025)

Executive Summary

Section titled “Executive Summary”

This research validates the superior performance of Microwave Plasma-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPCVD) Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) electrodes for highly sensitive electrochemical sensing applications, specifically the detection of Quinine (QN).

  • High Sensitivity: A low Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.62 ”M (S/B=3) was achieved for QN detection using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV).
  • Excellent Linearity: The BDD sensor demonstrated strong linearity (R2=0.99) across the critical therapeutic concentration range of 2 ”M to 25 ”M.
  • Material Validation: The study confirms that BDD offers significant advantages over traditional electrodes, including a broad potential window, low background current, and high chemical stability.
  • Surface Termination Control: Hydrogen-terminated BDD (H-BDD) was proven to exhibit higher electrochemical activity and sensitivity for the QN reduction reaction compared to Oxygen-terminated BDD (O-BDD).
  • Diffusion-Controlled Mechanism: The QN reduction reaction on the BDD surface was determined to be diffusion-controlled, involving approximately 2 electrons.
  • Stability: The BDD electrode demonstrated excellent operational stability, maintaining consistent peak current values over 10 repeated measurements.

Technical Specifications

Section titled “Technical Specifications”

The following hard data points were extracted from the experimental results detailing the performance and fabrication of the BDD electrodes:

ParameterValueUnitContext
Limit of Detection (LOD)0.62”MCalculated at S/B=3
Linear Range2 to 25”MQN concentration range
Linearity (R2)0.99DimensionlessDPV concentration curve
DPV Reduction Peak Potential-0.86Vvs. Ag/AgCl, pH 7.4
CV Reduction Peak Potential-1.14Vvs. Ag/AgCl, pH 7.4
Electrons Involved (n)~2ElectronsQN reduction mechanism
Diffusion Coefficient (D)4 x 10-5cm2 s-1Derived from Randles-Sevcik analysis
BDD Doping Ratio (B/C)1%Boron-Carbon ratio in precursor gases
MPCVD Deposition Power5kWProcess parameter
Electrode Stability (Avg. Current)0.86031mA cm-2Average peak current (10 measurements)
Electrode Stability (STD Dev.)0.000269mA cm-2Standard deviation (10 measurements)

Key Methodologies

Section titled “Key Methodologies”

The BDD electrodes were fabricated and processed using precise MPCVD and electrochemical techniques:

  1. BDD Fabrication: Polycrystalline BDD was deposited onto a Si (100) wafer substrate using the Microwave Plasma-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (MP-CVD) method.
  2. Precursor Recipe: Acetone served as the carbon source, and trimethyl borate was used as the boron source.
  3. Doping Specification: The Boron-Carbon ratio was precisely controlled at 1% to achieve the required conductivity for electrochemical sensing.
  4. Deposition Parameters: The growth was carried out for 7 hours at a power level of 5 kW.
  5. Electrode Cleaning: The BDD working electrode was pre-cleaned using a 3:1 Aqua Regia solution (HCl:HNO3) soak for 30 minutes to remove metallic contaminants and enhance electrochemical performance.
  6. Surface Termination Protocol:
    • O-BDD Formation: Chronoamperometry was performed in 0.1M H2SO4 at +3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for 5 minutes.
    • H-BDD Formation: Chronoamperometry was performed in 0.1M H2SO4 at -3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for 10 minutes.
  7. Electrochemical Analysis: Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) were conducted using a standard three-electrode cell configuration (Ag/AgCl reference, BDD counter, BDD working).

6CCVD Solutions & Capabilities

Section titled “6CCVD Solutions & Capabilities”

This research highlights the critical role of highly controlled MPCVD diamond fabrication—specifically precise doping and surface termination—in achieving high-performance electrochemical sensors. 6CCVD is uniquely positioned to supply the materials necessary to replicate, scale, and advance this research.

Applicable Materials

Section titled “Applicable Materials”

To replicate the high sensitivity and stability demonstrated in this study, researchers require:

  • Heavy Boron-Doped Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD BDD): The material must be MPCVD-grown to ensure high purity and uniform doping, essential for the broad potential window and low background current required for DPV sensing.
  • Custom Doping Control: 6CCVD offers precise control over the B/C ratio, allowing engineers to tune the conductivity (and thus the electrochemical activity) far beyond the 1% ratio used in this paper, optimizing performance for various analytes.

Customization Potential

Section titled “Customization Potential”

6CCVD’s advanced fabrication capabilities directly address the material and integration requirements of high-performance BDD sensors:

Research Requirement6CCVD CapabilityTechnical Advantage
Substrate SizePlates/wafers up to 125mm (PCD)Enables industrial scaling and high-throughput manufacturing of sensor arrays.
Doping & ThicknessPCD BDD films from 0.1 ”m to 500 ”m thick.Precise control over film thickness and doping concentration for optimized charge transfer kinetics.
Surface TerminationIn-house control over H-termination and O-termination.We provide electrodes pre-terminated (H-BDD or O-BDD) or offer guidance on achieving specific termination states for maximized sensitivity in reduction (QN) or oxidation reactions.
Electrical IntegrationCustom Metalization (Au, Pt, Ti, Pd, W, Cu).Enables robust, low-resistance electrical contacts for integration into microfluidic or miniaturized sensor systems, eliminating the need for complex external wiring.
Surface QualityPolishing to Ra < 5 nm (Inch-size PCD).Ensures a smooth, consistent surface morphology critical for reproducible electrochemical measurements and stability (as demonstrated by the low standard deviation in the paper).

Engineering Support

Section titled “Engineering Support”

The success of this QN detection project relies heavily on optimizing the BDD material properties. 6CCVD’s in-house team of PhD material scientists specializes in the electrochemistry of diamond.

  • Consultation: Our experts can assist researchers and engineers in selecting the optimal B/C doping level, film thickness, and surface preparation protocol (H-BDD vs. O-BDD) required for similar drug detection, environmental monitoring, or biosensing projects.
  • Prototyping to Production: We support projects from initial small-scale prototyping (custom dimensions) through to large-scale production runs (up to 125mm wafers).

For custom specifications or material consultation, visit 6ccvd.com or contact our engineering team directly.

View Original Abstract

This study investigates the electrochemical reduction of quinine (QN) detection using boron-doped diamond electrodes (BDD). Different pulse voltammetry (DPV) of QN in a 0.1 M PB solution exhibits reduction peaks at -0.86 V ( vs. Ag/AgCl ). Additionally, the effects of pH and scan rate were explored to investigate the reduction mechanism within a potential range of -1.4 V to -0.4 V ( vs. Ag/AgCl ). Furthermore, a linear calibration curve was observed in the concentration range of 2 ÎŒM to 25 ÎŒM (R 2 =0.99) with a detection limit of 0.62 ÎŒM (S/B=3).

Tech Support

Section titled “Tech Support”

Original Source

Section titled “Original Source”

References

Section titled “References”
  1. **** - Antimalarial Drug Toxicity [Crossref]
  2. 2012 - Polymer-modified glassy carbon electrode for the electrochemical detection of quinine in human urine and pharmaceutical formulations [Crossref]
  3. 2007 - Antimalarial Drug Toxicity: A Review [Crossref]
  4. **** - Rapid voltammetric method for quinine determination in soft drinks [Crossref]
  5. 2009 - Quinine overdose: Review of toxicity and treatment [Crossref]
  6. **** - Simultaneous determination of quinine and four metabolites in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography [Crossref]
  7. **** - Quantitative bioanalysis of quinine by atmospheric pressure-matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry combined with dynamic drop-to-drop solvent microextraction [Crossref]
  8. 2000 - Flow Injection Chemiluminescence Determination of Quinine Using Mn3+ as the Oxidant [Crossref]
  9. **** - Flow-injection chemiluminescence determination of quinine using on-line electrogenerated cobalt(III) as oxidant [Crossref]

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