Electroanalytical Analysis of Guaifenesin from Pharmaceuticals on Boron Doped Diamond Electrode
At a Glance
Section titled âAt a Glanceâ| Metadata | Details |
|---|---|
| Publication Date | 2022-10-19 |
| Journal | Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry |
| Authors | Fatma AÄın, Gökçe ĂztĂŒrk, Dilek Kul |
| Institutions | Karadeniz Technical University |
| Citations | 1 |
| Analysis | Full AI Review Included |
Technical Documentation & Analysis: Boron Doped Diamond for High-Sensitivity Electroanalysis
Section titled âTechnical Documentation & Analysis: Boron Doped Diamond for High-Sensitivity ElectroanalysisâReference: AÄın et al., âElectroanalytical analysis of guaifenesin from pharmaceuticals on boron doped diamond electrode,â Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 4(2), 2022, 88-93.
Executive Summary
Section titled âExecutive SummaryâThis research validates the use of bare Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes (BDDE) for the rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective electroanalytical determination of Guaifenesin (GFN), a common expectorant drug.
- Material Validation: Unmodified BDDE was successfully used as the working electrode, confirming its superior stability and wide potential window for complex pharmaceutical analysis.
- Ultra-High Sensitivity: The developed methods achieved exceptionally low detection limits: 1.47 nM via Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) and 2.92 nM via Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV).
- Mechanism Confirmation: Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) studies confirmed the GFN oxidation reaction on the BDDE surface is irreversible and diffusion-controlled.
- Pharmaceutical Application: The methods demonstrated high accuracy and recovery (up to 100.43%) for GFN quantification directly from pharmaceutical syrup formulations, eliminating the need for complex pre-separation steps.
- Cost and Time Efficiency: The BDDE-based voltammetric approach is validated as a faster, less expensive, and simpler alternative to traditional chromatographic or spectrophotometric methods for drug quality control (QC).
- 6CCVD Value Proposition: 6CCVD provides the high-purity, heavily Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) required to replicate and scale this high-performance electroanalytical sensing platform.
Technical Specifications
Section titled âTechnical SpecificationsâThe following hard data points were extracted from the study, highlighting the performance achieved using the Boron Doped Diamond Electrode (BDDE).
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Working Electrode Material | Boron Doped Diamond (BDDE) | N/A | Unmodified surface |
| Electrode Diameter | 3 | mm | Working electrode size (Windsor Scientific) |
| Optimal Supporting Electrolyte | pH 3.5 Acetate Buffer (AB) | N/A | Selected for highest peak current |
| Measured Potential (Ep) | 1184 | mV | Versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode |
| DPV Linearity Range | 0.4 - 100 | ”M | GFN concentration range |
| SWV Linearity Range | 0.8 - 100 | ”M | GFN concentration range |
| DPV Limit of Detection (LOD) | 1.47 x 10-3 | ”M | Equivalent to 1.47 nM |
| SWV Limit of Detection (LOD) | 2.92 x 10-3 | ”M | Equivalent to 2.92 nM |
| DPV Average Recovery | 99.24 | % | Analysis of pharmaceutical syrup |
| SWV Average Recovery | 100.43 | % | Analysis of pharmaceutical syrup |
| Operating Temperature | 25 ± 1 | °C | Room temperature measurement |
| Diffusion Control Slope (log Ip vs log v) | 0.464 | N/A | Confirms diffusion-controlled process (Theoretical 0.5) |
Key Methodologies
Section titled âKey MethodologiesâThe electroanalytical determination relied on precise material preparation and optimized voltammetric techniques using the BDDE surface.
- Electrode Setup: A three-electrode cell was used, consisting of a 3mm BDDE working electrode, a platinum wire counter electrode, and an Ag/AgCl (3.0 M KCl) reference electrode.
- Instrumentation: Measurements were performed using an Autolab PGSTAT128N potentiostat/galvanostat.
- Electrolyte Optimization: Various buffer systems (Britton-Robinson, Phosphate, Acetate) were tested across a wide pH range (2.0-12.0).
- Optimal Conditions: The highest and most symmetrical peak current for GFN oxidation was achieved in pH 3.5 Acetate Buffer (AB), which was selected for quantitative studies.
- Reaction Mechanism Study (CV): Cyclic Voltammetry was performed at scan rates ranging from 5 to 200 mV/s. Analysis of the peak current (Ip) versus the square root of the scan rate (v1/2) confirmed the reaction was diffusion-controlled.
- Quantitative Analysis (DPV & SWV): Differential Pulse Voltammetry and Square Wave Voltammetry were used to establish calibration curves and determine GFN concentration in commercial syrup samples.
- Validation: LOD and LOQ values were calculated, and recovery studies were performed using the corresponding calibration equations, demonstrating high accuracy without sample pre-separation.
6CCVD Solutions & Capabilities
Section titled â6CCVD Solutions & Capabilitiesâ6CCVD is uniquely positioned to supply the high-quality Boron Doped Diamond materials necessary to replicate, scale, and advance this high-sensitivity electroanalytical research.
Applicable Materials for Electroanalytical Sensing
Section titled âApplicable Materials for Electroanalytical SensingâThe success of this study hinges on the unique properties of the BDDEâspecifically its wide potential window, low background current, and chemical stability. 6CCVD offers specialized BDD materials optimized for electrochemical applications:
| 6CCVD Material | Description & Application | Customization Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Heavy Boron Doped PCD Wafers | Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) films with high boron concentration, ideal for robust, high-volume sensing applications (e.g., drug QC, industrial monitoring). | Wafers up to 125mm diameter. |
| BDD Substrates (Thick) | Highly stable, thick BDD films (up to 10mm) providing exceptional mechanical integrity for demanding environments or flow cell designs. | Custom thickness and doping levels. |
| Ultra-Smooth Polished BDD | Polishing to achieve surface roughness Ra < 5nm (for inch-size PCD), ensuring minimal surface defects and optimal signal-to-noise ratio critical for nM detection limits. | Guaranteed surface quality for enhanced reproducibility. |
Customization Potential for Advanced Sensing
Section titled âCustomization Potential for Advanced SensingâThe research utilized a standard 3mm BDDE disc. 6CCVDâs in-house fabrication capabilities allow researchers to move beyond standard geometries and integrate diamond into complex systems.
- Custom Dimensions and Geometry: We provide precision laser cutting and shaping services to produce BDDE discs, microelectrodes, or arrays in any required dimension, from sub-millimeter features up to 125mm wafers.
- Integrated Metalization: While this study used bare BDDE, future functionalization or contact requirements (e.g., creating ohmic contacts for miniaturized sensors) can be met using our internal metalization capabilities, including Ti/Pt/Au, W, Pd, and Cu layers.
- SCD vs. PCD Selection: For applications requiring the absolute lowest background current or highest thermal conductivity, 6CCVD can supply Boron Doped Single Crystal Diamond (SCD) films, offering superior crystalline uniformity compared to PCD.
Engineering Support
Section titled âEngineering Supportâ6CCVDâs in-house PhD material science team specializes in optimizing diamond properties for electrochemical applications. We offer consultation services to assist engineers and scientists in:
- Selecting the optimal boron doping level and film thickness for specific Electroanalytical Method Development projects.
- Designing custom electrode geometries for high-throughput screening or miniaturized Drug Quality Control (QC) systems.
- Integrating diamond electrodes into complex flow cells or microfluidic devices.
For custom specifications or material consultation, visit 6ccvd.com or contact our engineering team directly. We offer global shipping (DDU default, DDP available) to ensure rapid delivery of your specialized diamond materials.
View Original Abstract
The expectorant drug guaifenesin (GFN) electroanalytical analysis was performed on boron doped diamond electrode (BDDE) by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) methods. The results of CV studies indicate that the reaction mechanism of GFN in the oxidation direction on the BDDE is irreversible and diffusion controlled. The linearity ranges are 0.400 Ë 100 ”M and 0.800 Ë 100 ”M for DPV and SWV methods, respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) values are obtained as 1.47 nM for DPV and 2.92 nM for SWV. Quantitative analysis of GFN from the pharmaceuticals was performed with fully validated DPV and SWV methods without any pre-separation. The sensitive methods with good recovery, high precision and accuracy have been developed for the electroanalytical analysis of GFN.