Electrochemical Sensor of Levofloxacin on Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode Decorated by Nickel Nanoparticles
At a Glance
Section titled âAt a Glanceâ| Metadata | Details |
|---|---|
| Publication Date | 2022-08-10 |
| Journal | Indonesian Journal of Chemistry |
| Authors | Prastika Krisma Jiwanti, Irfansyah Rais Sitorus, Grandprix T.M. Kadja, Siti Wafiroh, Yasuaki Einaga |
| Institutions | Airlangga University, Keio University |
| Citations | 12 |
| Analysis | Full AI Review Included |
Technical Documentation & Analysis: NiBDD Electrochemical Sensor for Levofloxacin
Section titled âTechnical Documentation & Analysis: NiBDD Electrochemical Sensor for LevofloxacinâThis document analyzes the research on Nickel-decorated Boron-Doped Diamond (NiBDD) electrodes for Levofloxacin (LEV) detection, highlighting the critical role of high-quality MPCVD BDD and connecting the experimental requirements directly to 6CCVDâs advanced material and fabrication capabilities.
Executive Summary
Section titled âExecutive Summaryâ- Application Focus: Development of a highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for the detection of Levofloxacin (LEV), a critical fluoroquinolone antibiotic, in biological and environmental samples.
- Core Material: The sensor utilizes a Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) electrode synthesized via Microwave Plasma-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPCVD).
- Functionalization: The BDD surface was functionalized through anodic oxidation (creating OBDD) followed by electrodeposition of Nickel Nanoparticles (Ni NPs) to form the catalytic NiBDD working electrode.
- Performance Enhancement: Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) proved significantly superior to Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV), achieving a 56% lower Limit of Detection (LOD).
- Key Analytical Metrics: The optimized sensor demonstrated excellent reproducibility (Relative Standard Deviation of 1.45%) and a low LOD of 5.11 ”M.
- Real-World Validation: The NiBDD electrode successfully analyzed LEV in human urine samples, showing high recovery (93.91 ± 0.02%), confirming its viability for clinical and environmental monitoring.
Technical Specifications
Section titled âTechnical SpecificationsâThe following hard data points were extracted from the experimental results and methodology:
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diamond Synthesis Method | MPCVD | N/A | Used CORNES Model AX 5400 |
| Diamond Material Type | Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) | N/A | Used for electrochemical sensing |
| Boron Doping Level | 1 | % (B/C) | Optimized for conductivity |
| Substrate Material | Si (111) | N/A | Used for BDD growth |
| Working Electrode Area | 0.04 | cm2 | Geometric area used for measurement |
| Nickel Content (EDS) | 1 | % | Found on the NiBDD surface |
| Optimal pH for Detection | 5.5 | N/A | Maximized anodic current response |
| Linear Detection Range | 30-100 | ”M | Levofloxacin concentration |
| Limit of Detection (LOD) | 5.11 | ”M | Calculated using the optimized SWV method |
| Reproducibility (RSD) | 1.45 | % | Based on 10 daily measurements |
| Real Sample Recovery | 93.91 ± 0.02 | % | Detection accuracy in human urine |
| SWV Pulse Amplitude | 50 | mV | Optimized electrochemical parameter |
| SWV Frequency | 50 | Hz | Optimized electrochemical parameter |
| SWV Step Potential | 12 | mV | Optimized electrochemical parameter |
Key Methodologies
Section titled âKey MethodologiesâThe fabrication and testing of the NiBDD electrochemical sensor involved precise MPCVD growth and subsequent electrochemical surface modification:
- BDD Synthesis: 1% (B/C) BDD film was deposited onto a Si (111) substrate using a Microwave Plasma-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPCVD) system.
- Pretreatment and Oxidation (OBDD): The BDD electrode was ultrasonicated, followed by anodic oxidation using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) in 0.1 M H2SO4 (40 cycles, -2.5 V to 2.5 V). This step converted the surface to Oxygen-Terminated BDD (OBDD).
- Nickel Nanoparticle Electrodeposition: Nickel Nanoparticles (Ni NPs) were deposited onto the OBDD surface via chronoamperometry in 1 M NiSO4 solution for 250 seconds at a potential of -1.2 V.
- Characterization: The resulting NiBDD electrode was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) to confirm topography and 1% Ni content.
- Electrochemical Analysis: Levofloxacin detection was performed using Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) in 0.1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, optimizing parameters to maximize sensitivity (50 mV pulse amplitude, 50 Hz frequency, 12 mV step potential).
6CCVD Solutions & Capabilities
Section titled â6CCVD Solutions & CapabilitiesâThis research demonstrates the high value of MPCVD Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) for advanced electrochemical sensing. 6CCVD is uniquely positioned to supply the materials and customization required to replicate, scale, and extend this research.
| Research Requirement | 6CCVD Solution & Capability | Engineering Advantage |
|---|---|---|
| High-Purity BDD Material | Heavy Boron Doped PCD Wafers. 6CCVD provides high-quality MPCVD Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) and Single Crystal Diamond (SCD) with precise, controllable Boron doping levels (e.g., 1% B/C used here). Our BDD ensures the wide potential window and low background current critical for sensitive voltammetry. | Guaranteed material consistency and precise doping control, essential for reproducible sensor performance and low LODs. |
| Custom Dimensions & Geometry | Plates/Wafers up to 125mm & Precision Laser Cutting. The study used a small 0.04 cm2 electrode area. 6CCVD supplies BDD wafers up to 125mm in diameter and offers in-house laser cutting services to achieve any custom geometric area or shape required for R&D or device integration. | Seamless scaling from small-scale research prototypes to large-area commercial production electrodes. |
| Surface Functionalization Preparation | Ultra-Smooth Polishing (Ra < 5nm PCD) & Surface Engineering. Uniform nanoparticle deposition (like the Ni NPs used here) requires an extremely smooth surface. 6CCVD provides highly polished BDD surfaces, optimizing the substrate for subsequent electrochemical modification (anodic oxidation/metal deposition). | Enhanced surface quality promotes uniform catalyst loading, improving sensitivity and stability of the final NiBDD sensor. |
| Metalization for Contact/Catalysis | Custom Metalization Services (Au, Pt, Pd, Ti, W, Cu). While the researchers electrodeposited Ni, 6CCVD offers internal metalization capabilities for creating robust electrical contacts or pre-depositing adhesion layers (e.g., Ti/Pt/Au) necessary for integrating the diamond chip into a device package. | Expedite fabrication by receiving pre-metalized BDD electrodes, ready for final functionalization or integration. |
Applicable Materials
Section titled âApplicable MaterialsâTo replicate or extend this research, 6CCVD recommends:
- Heavy Boron Doped PCD Wafers: For cost-effective, large-area electrochemical applications requiring high conductivity and stability.
- Custom Metalized BDD Electrodes: For researchers requiring specific contact pads or adhesion layers prior to their own nanoparticle deposition steps.
Engineering Support
Section titled âEngineering Supportâ6CCVDâs in-house PhD team possesses deep expertise in MPCVD diamond synthesis and electrochemical applications. We can assist engineers and scientists with material selection, doping optimization, and surface preparation protocols for similar Electrochemical Sensor projects targeting pharmaceutical or environmental pollutants.
For custom specifications or material consultation, visit 6ccvd.com or contact our engineering team directly. Global shipping (DDU default, DDP available) ensures timely delivery of specialized diamond materials worldwide.
View Original Abstract
Levofloxacin (LEV) was known as one of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics that widely used as an antibacterial agent. Monitoring of LEV is important due to its negative side effect on humans. The determination of LEV was studied for the first time on nickel modified on a boron-doped diamond (NiBDD) electrode using the square wave voltammetry (SWV) method to improve the catalytic and sensitivity of the sensor. The response was linear in the range of 30-100 mM LEV. LEV sensor on NiBDD was found to be selective in the presence of urea, glucose, and ascorbic acid interferences. Good reproducibility with % a relative standard deviation of 1.45% (n = 10) was achieved. Therefore, the NiBDD electrode could be potentially applied for the real detection method of LEV.