Determination of naproxen by using differential pulse voltammetry with poly (aniline-2-sulfonic acid) modified boron doped diamond electrode
At a Glance
Section titled âAt a Glanceâ| Metadata | Details |
|---|---|
| Publication Date | 2022-06-30 |
| Journal | Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering |
| Authors | Ăznur GĂŒngör |
| Institutions | Inonu University |
| Citations | 2 |
| Analysis | Full AI Review Included |
Technical Documentation & Analysis: High-Performance Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes for Naproxen Sensing
Section titled âTechnical Documentation & Analysis: High-Performance Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes for Naproxen SensingâExecutive Summary
Section titled âExecutive SummaryâThis research successfully demonstrates the fabrication and application of a highly selective electrochemical sensor based on a modified Boron Doped Diamond Electrode (BDDE) for the determination of Naproxen (NAP). This work validates the critical role of high-quality, conductive diamond substrates in advanced sensing applications.
- Novel Sensor Design: A Poly(aniline-2-sulfonic acid) film was successfully electropolymerized onto a Boron Doped Diamond Electrode (p(A2SA)/BDDE) to create a highly selective electrochemical sensor.
- Superior Performance: The modified BDDE achieved excellent linearity (Correlation Coefficient R2 = 0.9944) for NAP detection across the clinically relevant range of 0.05-1.00 mM.
- High Sensitivity: The sensor exhibited low detection (DL = 0.0328 mM) and quantification (QL = 0.1093 mM) limits, confirming its suitability for trace analysis.
- Optimized Surface Morphology: AFM analysis confirmed that the polymer modification increased the electrode surface roughness (approx. 30 nm), enhancing the active surface area and improving measurement sensitivity.
- Biomedical Applicability: The method demonstrated high accuracy and stability, achieving recovery rates between 99.15% and 100.18% in synthetic urine samples, proving its potential for biomedical and clinical diagnostics.
- 6CCVD Relevance: This application directly utilizes the superior electrochemical stability and conductivity of 6CCVDâs custom Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) materials, essential for reproducible sensor fabrication.
Technical Specifications
Section titled âTechnical Specificationsâ| Parameter | Value | Unit | Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electrode Substrate | Boron Doped Diamond (BDDE) | N/A | Working Electrode Material |
| Linear Range (NAP) | 0.05 - 1.00 | mM | Concentration range for linear response |
| Correlation Coefficient (R2) | 0.9944 | N/A | Calibration Curve Linearity |
| Detection Limit (DL) | 0.0328 | mM | Calculated via 3 s/m formula |
| Quantification Limit (QL) | 0.1093 | mM | Calculated via 10 s/m formula |
| Optimum pH | 8.00 | N/A | 0.1 M Phosphate Buffer (PB) |
| Optimum Monomer Concentration | 8 | mM | Aniline-2-sulfonic acid (A2SA) |
| Optimum Film Thickness | 4 | Cycles | Electropolymerization cycles |
| Optimum Polymerization Scan Rate | 100 | mV/s | Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) |
| NAP Oxidation Potential | 1.1 | V | Observed DPV peak potential |
| Surface Roughness (Ra) | ~30 | nm | After p(A2SA) modification (AFM) |
| Recovery Rate (Synthetic Urine) | 99.15 - 100.18 | % | Validation of real-sample applicability |
Key Methodologies
Section titled âKey MethodologiesâThe p(A2SA)/BDDE sensor was constructed and optimized using precise electrochemical techniques:
- Substrate Selection: A bare Boron Doped Diamond Electrode (BDDE, Ă 3 mm) was chosen for its inherent stability and wide potential window.
- Monomer Preparation: Aniline-2-sulfonic acid (A2SA) was prepared at an optimized concentration of 8 mM in a water/acetonitrile (1:1) mixture containing 0.1 M sodium perchlorate (NaClO4).
- Electropolymerization (Film Formation): The A2SA film was deposited onto the BDDE surface using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) over a potential range of -1.2 V to 1.6 V.
- Film Optimization: The polymerization process was optimized at a scan rate of 100 mV/s and limited to four cycles to achieve the ideal film thickness, maximizing the NAP oxidation peak current.
- Analytical Detection: Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) was employed for high-sensitivity NAP detection, utilizing a 10 mV pulse amplitude and 10 ms pulse time.
- Electrolyte Optimization: The optimal detection medium was determined to be 0.1 M Phosphate Buffer (PB) at a pH of 8.00.
- Surface Analysis: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) confirmed that the polymer coating resulted in a fractal surface morphology with increased roughness (approx. 30 nm), contributing to enhanced electrocatalytic activity.
6CCVD Solutions & Capabilities
Section titled â6CCVD Solutions & CapabilitiesâThis research highlights the necessity of high-quality, highly conductive Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) substrates for developing next-generation electrochemical sensors. 6CCVD is uniquely positioned to supply the materials required to replicate and advance this work.
Applicable Materials
Section titled âApplicable MaterialsâTo achieve the high conductivity and stability required for the p(A2SA)/BDDE sensor, researchers should utilize 6CCVDâs specialized BDD products:
- Heavy Boron-Doped Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD-BDD): Ideal for large-area electrochemical applications. Our PCD-BDD offers exceptional conductivity and chemical inertness, crucial for long-term sensor stability in aggressive media (e.g., biological fluids). We offer plates/wafers up to 125mm in diameter.
- Heavy Boron-Doped Single Crystal Diamond (SCD-BDD): Recommended for applications requiring ultra-low defect density and precise crystallographic orientation, potentially offering even greater reproducibility and lower noise than standard PCD.
Customization Potential
Section titled âCustomization PotentialâThe success of this sensor relies on precise substrate dimensions and surface preparation. 6CCVD offers comprehensive customization capabilities that exceed standard commercial offerings:
| Research Requirement | 6CCVD Capability | Technical Advantage |
|---|---|---|
| Electrode Dimensions | Custom plates/wafers up to 125mm. Custom laser cutting for specific geometries (e.g., Ă 3 mm discs, microelectrodes). | Ensures perfect fit for custom electrochemical cell designs (e.g., BASi C3 Cell Stand). |
| Surface Finish | Polishing capability to achieve Ra < 5nm for inch-size PCD and Ra < 1nm for SCD. | Provides a highly controlled, reproducible starting surface for consistent electropolymerization and film adhesion. |
| Metalization Layers | Internal capability for custom metal contacts (Au, Pt, Pd, Ti, W, Cu). | Essential for creating robust electrical contacts and integrating the BDDE into complex device architectures. |
| Thickness Control | SCD and PCD layers available from 0.1”m up to 500”m, with custom substrates up to 10mm thick. | Allows optimization of thermal management and mechanical stability for high-power or high-throughput systems. |
Engineering Support
Section titled âEngineering SupportâThe development of advanced electrochemical sensors, particularly those involving polymer modification and trace analysis in complex matrices like synthetic urine, requires deep material expertise.
6CCVDâs in-house PhD team specializes in CVD diamond growth and surface functionalization. We offer consultation services to assist researchers and engineers in:
- Selecting the optimal boron doping level and crystal quality (SCD vs. PCD) for specific electrocatalytic applications.
- Designing custom electrode geometries and metal contact layouts for improved signal-to-noise ratios in pharmaceutical and biomedical sensing projects.
- Optimizing surface preparation techniques to ensure maximum adhesion and reproducibility of polymer films like p(A2SA).
For custom specifications or material consultation, visit 6ccvd.com or contact our engineering team directly.
View Original Abstract
In this study, an electrochemical sensor based on a boron doped diamond electrode (BDDE) was developed for the determination of naproxen (NAP) using a poly(aniline-2-sulfonic acid)/boron doped diamond electrode, p(A2SA/BDDE). Polymerization of A2SA was conducted in a water/acetonitrile (1:1) mixture containing 0.1 M sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) on bare BDDE and the electrochemical properties studied by cyclic voltammetry in ferricyanide/KNO3 solution. The prepared p(A2SA/BDDE) was used for detection of NAP. Effects of parameters such as monomer type and concentration, the number of cycles, and scan rate were investigated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in phosphate buffer containing 0.75 mM NAP. The effect of electrolyte type and pH on DPV responses to NAP were also studied. The oxidative current peak stem from NAP concentration observed at 1.1 V potential. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the range of 0.05-1.00 mM NAP concentration. Correlation coefficient (R2), detection limit, and quantification limit were calculated as 0.9944, 0.0328 mM, and 0.1093 mM, respectively. In conclusion, it may be claimed that the modified electrode constructed in this work can be used successfully as a naproxen-selective membrane due to its ease of preparation, high R2 value, and good reproducibility.