Multi-Resonating UWB Printed Monopole Antenna
At a Glance
Section titled âAt a Glanceâ| Metadata | Details |
|---|---|
| Publication Date | 2019-11-02 |
| Journal | International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) |
| Authors | Singh Sanjay |
| Institutions | Aditya Birla (India) |
| Citations | 1 |
| Analysis | Full AI Review Included |
Technical Documentation and Analysis: UWB Monopole Antenna Substrates
Section titled âTechnical Documentation and Analysis: UWB Monopole Antenna SubstratesâExecutive Summary
Section titled âExecutive SummaryâThis document analyzes the design requirements of a Multi-Resonating Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Printed Monopole Antenna (MPMA) developed on a low-cost FR4 substrate. While the successful deployment on FR4 validates the dual-resonator design methodology, 6CCVD identifies critical limitations in scalability and power handling that necessitate a transition to high-purity MPCVD diamond.
- Core Achievement: The antenna configuration (Annular Ring + Diamond Patch) achieved a massive impedance bandwidth ratio of >7.85:1, covering 1.4 GHz to 11 GHz.
- Performance Metrics: Demonstrated high efficiency (80% to 95%) and maximum gain between 2 dBi and 7 dBi across the entire UWB range.
- Substrate Limitation: The utilized FR4 substrate (loss tangent $\delta$ = 0.01) imposes significant limitations on power integration, thermal management, and efficiency at higher mmWave frequencies (e.g., future 5G/6G or high-power satellite applications).
- 6CCVD Value Proposition: Replicating this design on 6CCVDâs Ultra-Low Loss Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) or High-Purity Single Crystal Diamond (SCD) substrates would dramatically reduce dielectric loss, improve power handling, and ensure efficiency stability well beyond the 11 GHz range.
- Custom Manufacturing: 6CCVD offers the large-area substrates (up to 125 mm) and high-precision laser machining required to implement the complex annular and diamond geometry onto diamond wafers.
Technical Specifications
Section titled âTechnical SpecificationsâThe following table summarizes the critical performance parameters and geometric specifications of the UWB MPMA detailed in the research paper.
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency Bandwidth ($S_{11}$ < -9.6 dB) | 1.4 - 11.0 | GHz | Ultra-Wideband (UWB) operation |
| Impedance Bandwidth Ratio | > 7.85:1 | N/A | High bandwidth performance |
| Radiation Efficiency | 80 - 95 | Percentage | Across entire 1.4 GHz to 11 GHz range |
| Maximum Gain | 2 - 7 | dBi | Across entire 1.4 GHz to 11 GHz range |
| Substrate Relative Permittivity ($\epsilon_{r}$) | 4.3 | N/A | Baseline FR4 material |
| Substrate Loss Tangent (tan $\delta$) | 0.01 | N/A | Dielectric loss metric for FR4 |
| Substrate Thickness ($h$) | 1.59 | mm | Standard printed circuit thickness |
| Total Antenna Footprint | 80 x 80 | mm | Physical dimension on FR4 |
| Partial Ground Plane Dimension | 80 x 10 | mm | Defines matching network behavior |
| Annular Ring Outer Radius ($R_{1}$) | 25 | mm | Low-frequency resonator size |
| Annular Ring Inner Radius ($R_{2}$) | 23 | mm | Defines 2 mm ring width |
| Microstrip Feed Gap ($p$) | 0.5 | mm | Optimized for impedance matching |
Key Methodologies
Section titled âKey MethodologiesâThe UWB performance of the MPMA was achieved through specific design methodologies focusing on impedance matching and multi-resonance excitation.
- Dual-Resonator Design: The antenna integrates two distinct radiating elements to excite multiple modes and widen the operational bandwidth:
- The Annular Ring primarily drives resonance at the lower frequency band.
- The Diamond Shaped Patch is incorporated within the ring to excite higher-order modes, necessary for ultra-wideband coverage.
- Substrate Selection: Low-cost FR4 ($\epsilon_{r}$ = 4.3, tan $\delta$ = 0.01, $h$ = 1.59 mm) was chosen for prototyping, setting the initial physical dimensions.
- Impedance Matching Network: A microstrip line feed, along with a partial ground plane (80 mm x 10 mm), acts as a quarter-wavelength transformer to ensure efficient power transfer to the radiating patches.
- Parameter Optimization: Critical geometric dimensions (radii $R_{1}$, $R_{2}$; diamond diagonals; feed gap $p$) were systematically optimized using IE3D simulation software to achieve the $S_{11}$ < -9.6 dB requirement across the 1.4 GHz to 11 GHz span.
- Prototyping and Validation: The optimized design was fabricated, and simulated results were validated against laboratory measurements, confirming omni-directional pattern and stable high efficiency (80%-95%).
6CCVD Solutions & Capabilities
Section titled â6CCVD Solutions & CapabilitiesâThis research demonstrates a robust design template for UWB antennas. To extend this technology into high-power RF systems, integrated semiconductor devices, or high-frequency mmWave applications, the intrinsic limitations of the FR4 substrate (high loss, poor thermal properties) must be overcome using MPCVD Diamond.
| Research Requirement/Limitation | 6CCVD Material/Capability | Advantage for UWB Replication |
|---|---|---|
| Dielectric Loss Limitation: FR4 tan $\delta$ (0.01) creates inherent losses, especially as frequencies approach 11 GHz and beyond. | Optical Grade SCD/PCD: Diamond tan $\delta$ < 10-4 (up to 100x lower than FR4). | Enables truly lossless integration and maintains extreme efficiency for UWB signals well into the mmWave spectrum (5G/6G). |
| Thermal Dissipation: FR4 is inadequate for embedding high-power amplifiers or switches necessary for active UWB arrays. | High Purity MPCVD Substrates: Thermal conductivity up to 2000 W/m¡K. | Provides unmatched thermal heat spreading and ensures frequency stability by preventing thermal drift in embedded systems. |
| Geometry and Size: Requires complex geometries (annular ring, diamond) on substrate sizes up to 80 mm x 80 mm. | Custom Laser Machining & Large Area PCD: Wafers up to 125 mm (PCD) available; precision laser cutting ensures complex geometry alignment (e.g., 0.5 mm feed gaps). | Allows for direct scaling and high-tolerance replication of the UWB design on diamond platforms. |
| Interconnection & Matching: Requires precise microstrip lines and robust feed structure. | In-House Metalization: 6CCVD offers internal deposition of high-conductivity metal stacks (Ti/Pt/Au, Ti/W/Cu). | Critical for creating stable, low-resistance microstrip transmission lines and robust ohmic contacts necessary for diamond RF circuits. |
Applicable Materials
Section titled âApplicable MaterialsâTo replicate and extend this UWB research for applications demanding minimal loss and maximum power efficiency, 6CCVD recommends:
- Optical Grade Single Crystal Diamond (SCD): For applications requiring the absolute lowest loss characteristics and highest thermal performance in smaller formats (up to 10 mm substrates).
- Ultra-Low Loss Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD): Ideal for larger dimension antennas (up to 125 mm wafers) and cost-effective prototyping where extreme low loss (Ra < 5nm polishing) is still paramount.
Engineering Support
Section titled âEngineering Supportâ6CCVDâs in-house PhD team specializes in translating conventional RF and microwave designs onto diamond substrates. We offer engineering consultation to assist with material selection, optimizing dielectric loading ($\epsilon_{r}$ changes when moving from FR4 to Diamond), and ensuring proper thermal and electrical integration for UWB antenna array and embedded system projects.
For custom specifications or material consultation, visit 6ccvd.com or contact our engineering team directly.
View Original Abstract
The multi-resonating, Annular Ring with Diamond Patch UWB Antenna has been presented, that produces large bandwidth. This configuration shows the bandwidth for VSWR = 2, or for corresponding S11 of 1.4GHz - 11 GHz, which includes UWB. This proposed configuration shows, approximately, Omni-directional radiation pattern on azimuthal plane for the entire range of frequency band. The measured and simulated results are shown; they promise for agreeable similarity. The impedance bandwidth ratio for presented antenna is achieved better than 7.85: 1 for S11< -9.6 dB. This antenna combines two resonators, i.e. annular ring and diamond shaped patch, within FR4 substrate of dimension 80mm x 80mm. This low profile compact antenna can be very useful for many embedded systems.