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On the design of a jet-aerated microfluidic flow-through reactor for wastewater treatment by electro-Fenton

At a Glance

Section titled “At a Glance”
MetadataDetails
Publication Date2018-04-09
JournalSeparation and Purification Technology
AuthorsJ.F. Pérez, Javier Llanos, Cristina Såez, C. López, Pablo Cañizares
InstitutionsUniversity of Castilla-La Mancha
Citations50
AnalysisFull AI Review Included

Technical Documentation and Analysis: High-Efficiency Electro-Fenton Wastewater Treatment using Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) Anodes

Section titled “Technical Documentation and Analysis: High-Efficiency Electro-Fenton Wastewater Treatment using Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) Anodes”

Based on the research paper “On the design of a jet-aerated microfluidic flow-through reactor for wastewater treatment by electro-Fenton,” 6CCVD confirms its leading position in supplying high-performance, custom diamond materials essential for realizing next-generation Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOP).

Executive Summary

Section titled “Executive Summary”
  • Optimal Configuration: The study identifies the Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) anode combined with a CB/PTFE-Aluminum foam cathode as the optimal configuration for fast and efficient degradation of bio-refractory pollutants (clopyralid).
  • Ultra-Low Energy Consumption: The optimal BDD system achieved complete pollutant elimination with an exceptional specific energy consumption of only 0.02 kWh g-1 clopyralid, representing an order of magnitude improvement over conventional Anodic Oxidation (AO) methods (0.13 kWh g-1).
  • High Current Efficiency: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) electrogeneration reached a remarkable instantaneous current efficiency (CE) of 98.6% at 20 mA cm-3, confirming BDD’s ability to drive the necessary catalytic reactions effectively.
  • Enhanced Reactor Design: The novel jet-aerated Microfluidic Flow-Through (MF-FT) cell design minimized ohmic resistance, improved mass transfer via 3D electrodes, and achieved high efficiency in neutral-acid medium despite using 20 times less concentrated electrolyte than comparable alkaline systems.
  • Material Superiority: The BDD anode clearly outperformed the Mixed Mineral Oxide (MMO) anode across all tested catalyst dosages and electrolyte concentrations, attributed to BDD’s non-active properties and high capacity for quasi-free hydroxyl radical (HO‱) generation.
  • Custom BDD Requirements: The study employed thin-film BDD on a Niobium mesh, demonstrating the critical need for custom, high-conductivity diamond electrode fabrication capabilities, which 6CCVD specializes in.

Technical Specifications

Section titled “Technical Specifications”

The core performance metrics achieved using diamond electrodes in the jet-aerated MF-FT reactor are summarized below:

ParameterValueUnitContext
Best Anode MaterialBoron Doped Diamond (BDD)N/AOptimized for Clopyralid degradation
Current Density (j)20mA cm-3Fixed operating point for high CE
H2O2 Instantaneous Production Rate12.4mg H2O2 cm3 electrode h-1Achieved at 20 mA cm-3 on RVC cathode
Instantaneous Current Efficiency (CE)98.6%Achieved at 20 mA cm-3 (H2O2 selective reduction)
Energy Consumption (H2O2 Synthesis)7.8kWh kg H2O2-1In 0.05 M Na2SO4 medium
Optimal Specific Energy Consumption (Clopyralid Elimination)0.02kWh g-1Best configuration: BDD + CB/PTFE-Al
Cell Voltage Reduction (Al vs RVC)64% LowerAchieved using Al foam cathode vs RVC cathode (Lines 304, 378)
Total Electric Charge Applied (Optimal)0.44Ah dm-3For 100% Clopyralid removal (in < 1 h)
Supporting Electrolyte Concentration (Optimal)7mM Na2SO4Minimum concentration for best results
BDD Electrode Dimensions9.5 x 8cm2Total dimensions of thin-film BDD mesh
Operating Temperature25°CExperimental condition

Key Methodologies

Section titled “Key Methodologies”

The following is an ordered summary of the BDD electrode fabrication and electrochemical processes critical to the research outcome:

  1. Anode Fabrication: Thin-film BDD was grown onto a Niobium (Nb) mesh substrate (9.5 x 8 cm2), supplied by Condias GmbH. MMO anodes (RuO2/IrO2 coated Ti-mesh) were used for comparative baseline tests.
  2. Cathode Fabrication: Reticulated Vitreous Carbon (RVC, 45 ppi) and Aluminum foams (40 ppi) were modified by depositing a mixture of Carbon Black (CB) and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) via spraying ink at 130 °C, followed by annealing at 360 °C for 1 hour.
  3. Cell Configuration: A Microfluidic Flow-Through (MF-FT) cell was used, employing an anode-cathode (A-C) flow configuration to maximize oxygen utilization at the cathode and minimize parasitic reactions in the reservoir (membrane-like effect).
  4. Inter-Electrode Gap (IE Gap): Electrodes were separated by a solid PTFE spacer (400 ”m nominal thickness), covered by 20 ”m thin aluminum layers acting as current feeders to minimize ohmic drops.
  5. Aeration System: A compressor-free jet aerator utilized the Venturi effect to draw atmospheric air, generating a bi-phasic mixture to supply oxygen at concentrations superior to the equilibrium for H2O2 electrogeneration.
  6. Electrolyte Conditions: Experiments were conducted at a low pH (pH 3, maintained with H2SO4) and low electrolyte concentration (optimal 7 mM Na2SO4) to simulate realistic, low-impact wastewater conditions.
  7. Current Application: Electrolyses were primarily fixed at 20 mA cm-3, selected for its high current efficiency (CE) in H2O2 production.

6CCVD Solutions & Capabilities

Section titled “6CCVD Solutions & Capabilities”

This research validates the necessity of high-quality, customized Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) materials for achieving ultra-efficient EAOP performance in industrial wastewater treatment. 6CCVD is uniquely positioned to supply and scale the BDD electrode materials required to replicate and advance this cutting-edge work.

Research Requirement6CCVD Solution & CapabilityCompetitive Advantage
BDD Anode Supply (Lines 117, 236)Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) thin films, optimized for non-active anode performance and robust hydroxyl radical (HO‱) generation. We supply BDD films in the specified 0.1”m to 500”m thickness range.Superior CVD diamond quality and consistency, critical for maximizing the kinetic rate of pollutant degradation (BDD > MMO).
Custom Substrates and Mesh Supports (Line 117)6CCVD deposits BDD films onto custom conductive substrates, including Niobium (Nb), Titanium (Ti), and Silicon (Si) mesh or plates, ensuring maximum mechanical stability and electrical uniformity.We can match the exact Nb mesh support used, providing comprehensive material compatibility support for specialized flow-through cell designs.
Large-Area and Custom Dimensions (Line 116)We offer Custom Dimensions for diamond wafers and plates, easily accommodating the 9.5 x 8 cm2 size requirement and scaling up to industrial production sizes (PCD wafers up to 125mm).Enabling rapid scale-up from R&D prototypes to commercial-grade MF-FT reactors.
Low-Resistance Current Feeders (Lines 109, 308)The cell relies on low ohmic resistance contacts. 6CCVD provides precision Metalization services (e.g., Ti, Cu, Au, Pt) necessary for creating optimal electrical connections to 3D electrodes and current feeders.In-house capability ensures tight quality control over interfacial resistance, maximizing current distribution and minimizing energy loss.
Mechanical Strength & Scale-Up (Lines 313-316)While RVC is brittle, 6CCVD can supply Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) substrates (up to 10mm thick) or free-standing BDD, offering significantly higher mechanical resistance for filter-press cell designs and high-pressure flow environments.PCD offers extreme durability and chemical inertness, overcoming mechanical limitations noted with RVC foam.

Engineering Support

Section titled “Engineering Support”

The exceptional performance demonstrated by BDD in minimizing specific energy consumption (0.02 kWh g-1 clopyralid) highlights the necessity of using the highest quality CVD diamond. 6CCVD’s in-house PhD team, expert in material science and electrochemical engineering, can assist researchers and industrial partners in optimizing BDD material selection, doping concentration, and substrate preparation for similar Electro-Fenton and Wastewater Treatment projects.

For custom specifications or material consultation, visit 6ccvd.com or contact our engineering team directly.

View Original Abstract

The design of cost-effective reactors for wastewater treatment by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes is still a challenge. In this work, a novel electro-Fenton reactor concept is presented. The combination of a jet aerator and a microfluidic flow-through cell configures a reactor with low ohmic drop, improved mass transfer which is, in addition, aerated by a compressor-free system. The production of H2O2 was assessed, obtaining an instantaneous production rate of 12.4 mg H2O2 cm−3 electrode h−1 at an instantaneous current efficiency of 98.6% with a low electrical energy consumption of 7.8 kWh kg H2O2−1 in 0.05 M Na2SO4 using a RVC with a deposition of CB/PTFE as the cathode. The performance of two mesh anodes (covered with mixed mineral oxides and boron doped diamond) and two cathodes (Duocel¼ RVC and Aluminium foams) was evaluated for the degradation of 0.75 dm3 with 100 mg dm−3 of clopyralid as model bio-refractory organic pollutant. The combination of BDD + CB/PTFE - Al was found to be synergistic due to the production of oxidizing radicals from water oxidation and electro-generated Fenton reagent. It was selected as the optimum configuration allowing a fast and efficient degradation of clopyralid after the application of approximately 0.44 Ah dm−3 (less than 1 h) resulting in an energy consumption of 0.02 kWh g−1 clopyralid at 20 mA cm−3 in a medium with only 7 mM Na2SO4 of supporting electrolyte.

Tech Support

Section titled “Tech Support”

Original Source

Section titled “Original Source”

References

Section titled “References”
  1. 2009 - Electro-Fenton process and related electrochemical technologies based on fenton’s reaction chemistry [Crossref]
  2. 1986 - Oxidative degradation of aqueous phenol effluent with electrogenerated Fenton’s Reagent [Crossref]
  3. 2000 - An ecologically effective water treatment technique using electrochemically generated hydroxyl radicals for in situ destruction of organic pollutants: application to herbicide 2,4-D [Crossref]
  4. 1996 - Iron(II) catalysis of the mineralization of aniline using a carbon-PTFE O2-fed cathode [Crossref]
  5. 2017 - Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: a review on their application to synthetic and real wastewaters [Crossref]
  6. 2015 - An overview on the advanced oxidation processes applied for the treatment of water pollutants defined in the recently launched Directive 2013/39/EU [Crossref]
  7. 2015 - Single and coupled electrochemical processes and reactors for the abatement of organic water pollutants: a critical review [Crossref]
  8. 2014 - Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: today and tomorrow. A review [Crossref]
  9. 2017 - Conventional reactors and microreactors in electro-fenton [Crossref]

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