pH CHANGE IN ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF IMIDACLOPRID PESTICIDE USING BORON-DOPED DIAMOND ELECTRODES
At a Glance
Section titled âAt a Glanceâ| Metadata | Details |
|---|---|
| Publication Date | 2017-05-15 |
| Journal | Turkish Journal of Engineering |
| Authors | Bahadır K. Körbahti, Mustafa Ceyhun Erdem |
| Institutions | Mersin Ăniversitesi |
| Citations | 4 |
| Analysis | Full AI Review Included |
6CCVD Technical Documentation: Advanced Electrochemical Oxidation of Pesticides using Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) Anodes
Section titled â6CCVD Technical Documentation: Advanced Electrochemical Oxidation of Pesticides using Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) AnodesâExecutive Summary
Section titled âExecutive SummaryâThis research validates the critical role of Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) electrodes in highly efficient and environmentally compliant wastewater treatment, specifically targeting the recalcitrant pesticide, Imidacloprid (IMD).
- Superior Mineralization: The BDD electrodes demonstrated high efficacy in the electrochemical oxidation of IMD, leveraging the materialâs superior oxygen overpotential to generate powerful hydroxyl radicals ($\cdot$OH).
- Environmental Compliance Achieved: The process maintained the final wastewater pH within strict local discharge limits (6.0 to 9.0) throughout the optimal operating range, eliminating the need for subsequent chemical neutralization steps.
- High Current Density Operation: The optimal operational window included high current densities (up to 14.3 mA/cm2), confirming the stability and durability of the BDD anodes under aggressive operating conditions.
- Process Stability: BDD facilitated stable, continuous operation across a wide temperature range (20°C-60°C) and varying pollutant concentrations (85-186 mg/L).
- Scalability Potential: The successful application in this electrochemical reactor setup highlights the potential for large-scale industrial deployment of BDD technology for complex organic pollutant destruction.
- Core Mechanism Confirmation: pH decrease was initially caused by hydroxyl radical production and oxygen evolution, confirming the non-selective, rapid mineralization capabilities unique to BDD anodes.
Technical Specifications
Section titled âTechnical SpecificationsâThe following table summarizes the operational parameters and key performance indicators identified in the electrochemical oxidation study using BDD electrodes.
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electrode Material | Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) | N/A | Anode and Cathode |
| Total Electrode Area | 260 | cm2 | Used in batch reactor setup |
| Pollutant Tested | Imidacloprid (IMD) Pesticide | N/A | Target contaminant |
| Tested IMD Concentration Range | 40 - 200 | mg/L | Wide operational window |
| Optimal IMD Concentration | 85 - 186 | mg/L | Maintains final pH between 6.0 and 9.0 |
| Tested Current Density (J) Range | 4 - 20 | mA/cm2 | High-flux operation |
| Optimal Current Density (J) | 7.5 - 14.3 | mA/cm2 | Maintains final pH between 6.0 and 9.0 |
| Tested Electrolyte (Na2SO4) Range | 2 - 10 | g/L | Supporting electrolyte |
| Optimal Electrolyte Concentration | 3.3 - 7.7 | g/L | Maintains final pH between 6.0 and 9.0 |
| Tested Reaction Temperature (T) Range | 20 - 60 | °C | Minimal impact on optimal pH range |
| Reaction Time (t) | 120 | min | Time used for optimal parameter determination |
| Initial pH (High IMD: 200 mg/L) | 9.9 | pH | pH decrease observed to 5.4 |
| Final pH Compliance Range | 6 - 9 | pH | Maintained local discharge limits |
Key Methodologies
Section titled âKey MethodologiesâThe study utilized a specific electrochemical process focused on optimizing BDD performance for wastewater remediation.
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Material Preparation:
- Imidacloprid (IMD) concentrate (350 g/L) was diluted using double distilled water to concentrations ranging from 40 to 200 mg/L.
- Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4) was used as the supporting electrolyte at concentrations between 2 and 10 g/L.
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Electrode Setup:
- Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) electrodes (Nb/BDD type, supplied by CONDIAS) were used in a parallel plate configuration.
- The total active electrode surface area was 260 cm2.
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Reactor Operation:
- A batch electrochemical reactor system was employed, featuring a heating/cooling jacket regulated by a cryostat bath to maintain temperatures between 20°C and 60°C.
- Power was supplied by a programmable DC source, delivering current densities between 4 and 20 mA/cm2.
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Process Monitoring:
- Samples (10 mL) were withdrawn from the reaction medium every 5 minutes over a 120-minute reaction period.
- pH measurements were taken using a WTW inoLab BNC720 pH meter.
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Data Analysis:
- pH change ($\Delta$pH) was calculated as the difference between the final pH (pHf at 120 min) and the initial pH (pHi), using the equation: $\Delta$pH = pHf - pHi.
6CCVD Solutions & Capabilities
Section titled â6CCVD Solutions & CapabilitiesâThis research confirms BDD as the material of choice for demanding electrochemical wastewater applications requiring robust chemical stability and high radical generation efficiency. 6CCVD is uniquely positioned to supply the advanced BDD materials required to replicate, scale, and industrialize this technology.
Applicable Materials for IMD Oxidation
Section titled âApplicable Materials for IMD OxidationâThe core requirement for this research is a high-conductivity, stable, and chemically inert anode material. 6CCVD provides purpose-built MPCVD diamond to meet these needs:
- Heavy Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) Electrodes: To achieve the required $\cdot$OH generation capacity and handle high current densities (up to 20 mA/cm2), a heavily boron-doped film is essential. 6CCVD offers Electro-Chemical Grade BDD films customized for optimized conductivity and stability.
- Conductive Substrates: The paper utilized Nb/BDD. 6CCVD specializes in depositing BDD films onto various conductive substrates, including Niobium (Nb), Tantalum (Ta), and Silicon (Si), ensuring low contact resistance and maximum longevity under aggressive operating conditions.
- Thick, Durable Films: Given the long reaction times (120 minutes) and harsh environment, 6CCVD can supply PCD films up to 500 ”m thick, ensuring maximum operational lifespan for industrial installations.
Customization Potential for Industrial Scale-Up
Section titled âCustomization Potential for Industrial Scale-UpâScaling up the 260 cm2 experimental setup requires specialized material dimensions and integration capabilities that 6CCVD routinely provides:
| Requirement | 6CCVD Solution | Advantage for Client |
|---|---|---|
| Large Electrode Area | Custom PCD/BDD plates and wafers up to 125mm in diameter. | Facilitates seamless scaling from laboratory to pilot plant production volumes. |
| Custom Electrode Sizing | Precision laser cutting and shaping services. | Allows for complex reactor geometries (e.g., stacked plates or cylindrical configurations) not easily achievable with standard commercial parts. |
| Interface Engineering | Internal metalization capabilities: Ti, Pt, Au, W, Cu. | Essential for creating low-resistance electrical contacts (e.g., Ti/Pt/Au contact layers) needed for efficient, high-current density operation utilized in this study. |
| Surface Finish | Polishing services to achieve Ra < 5 nm for Inch-size PCD. | Improves fluid dynamics and prevents the accumulation of scale or fouling agents on the electrode surface, enhancing long-term efficiency. |
| Shipping Logistics | Global shipping via DDU (default) or DDP. | Ensures rapid delivery of specialized diamond electrodes worldwide, supporting international research and industrial projects. |
Engineering Support
Section titled âEngineering Supportâ6CCVDâs in-house team of PhD material scientists and technical engineers are experts in optimizing diamond materials for advanced electrochemical processes. We offer direct consultation for clients seeking to replicate or extend this research into Pesticide/IMD Electrochemical Oxidation and broader Wastewater Treatment applications. Our support includes material selection guidance to optimize BDD doping concentration, thickness, and substrate choice tailored specifically to your required current density and chemical environment.
For custom specifications or material consultation, visit 6ccvd.com or contact our engineering team directly.
View Original Abstract
In this study, pH and ÎpH change in the electrochemical oxidation of imidacloprid (IMD) pesticide using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes was investigated in the presence of Na2SO4 electrolyte. The process parameters were operated as imidacloprid concentration (40-200 mg/L), electrolyte concentration (2-10 g/L), current density (4-20 mA/cm2) and reaction temperature (20-60°C). pH and ÎpH values increased with increasing Na2SO4 concentration, current density, and reaction temperature, and decreasing the imidacloprid concentration at 120 min reaction time. The results of this study showed that the pH of the wastewater solution maintained the local pH discharge limits between 6 and 9 after the electrochemical oxidation.