Electrochemical Behavior of Zanamivir at Gold-Modified Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes for an Application in Neuraminidase Sensing
At a Glance
Section titled âAt a Glanceâ| Metadata | Details |
|---|---|
| Publication Date | 2015-01-01 |
| Journal | Electrochemistry |
| Authors | Wulan Tri Wahyuni, Tribidasari A. Ivandini, Prastika Krisma Jiwanti, Endang Saepudin, Jarnuzi Gunlazuardi |
| Institutions | University of Indonesia, Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology |
| Citations | 24 |
| Analysis | Full AI Review Included |
Technical Documentation and Analysis: High-Performance Au-BDD Electrodes for Neuraminidase Sensing
Section titled âTechnical Documentation and Analysis: High-Performance Au-BDD Electrodes for Neuraminidase SensingâDocumentation Prepared for: 6CCVD Engineering & R&D Teams Source Paper: Electrochemical Behavior of Zanamivir at Gold-Modified Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes for an Application in Neuraminidase Sensing (Electrochemistry, 83(5), 357-362 (2015))
Executive Summary
Section titled âExecutive SummaryâThe research successfully demonstrates a highly sensitive, indirect electrochemical method for detecting Neuraminidase (NA), a critical biomarker for viral pathogens, utilizing a Gold-Modified Boron-Doped Diamond (Au-BDD) electrode system.
- Core Material Advantage: Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) provides a highly stable, low-background electrochemical platform, crucial for distinguishing small signals generated by the NA inhibition reaction.
- Enhanced Sensitivity: The Au-BDD configuration, featuring 10-50 nm gold nanoparticles deposited on the BDD surface, achieved significantly lower limits of detection (LOD) for both Zanamivir and NA compared to bulk gold electrodes.
- Target Application: Indirect detection of the enzyme Neuraminidase (NA) by monitoring the inhibition of Zanamivir adsorption onto the gold surface using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV).
- Performance Metrics: Achieved an excellent Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.25 mU for NA (reduction peak) and high precision (Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 1.18%).
- Stability and Reproducibility: The Au-BDD system exhibited superior kinetic stability and highly reproducible measurements, mitigating the potential shifts observed at bulk gold electrodes.
- Real-World Applicability: The method maintained comparable performance when validated in the presence of mucin (simulating biological matrices), validating its suitability for pharmaceutical and medical diagnostics.
Technical Specifications
Section titled âTechnical SpecificationsâThe following hard data points define the material synthesis and analytical performance achieved using the Au-BDD electrodes.
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diamond Growth Method | MAPCVD | N/A | Microwave Assisted Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition |
| Boron/Carbon Ratio (B/C) | 1:1000 | Molar Ratio | Required for BDD synthesis recipe |
| Microwave Power | 6 | kW | BDD synthesis parameter |
| BDD Particle Size (Average) | ~5 | ”m | Determined via SEM |
| Gold Deposition Potential | -200 | mV | Optimized chronoamperometry parameter |
| Gold Deposition Time | 100 | s | Optimized chronoamperometry parameter |
| Gold Nanoparticle Size | 10 to 50 | nm | Dispersed on BDD surface |
| Electrode Area (Geometric) | 0.125 | cm2 | Working electrode size |
| Cyclic Voltammetry Scan Rate | 100 | mV/s | Standard CV operating condition |
| Optimal NA Reaction pH | 5.5 | N/A | Phosphate Buffer Solution |
| Optimal NA Inhibition Time | 25 | min | At 37°C |
| NA Detection LOD (Reduction Peak) | 0.25 | mU | Achieved on Au-BDD (S/N=3) |
| NA Detection Linear Range | 0 to 15 | mU | Achieved on Au-BDD |
| NA Detection RSD (n=9) | 1.18 | % | Excellent current reproducibility |
| Zanamivir Detection LOD | 1.49 x 10-6 | mol/L (M) | Achieved on Au-BDD (Reduction Peak) |
| Zanamivir Linear Range | 5 x 10-6 - 1 x 10-4 | M | Au-BDD (Wider range than bulk Au) |
| Glucose Interference | 3.5 | % decrease | Reduction current decrease caused by 10-2 M Glucose |
| Zanamivir Interference | 15.3 | % decrease | Reduction current decrease caused by 10-4 M Zanamivir |
Key Methodologies
Section titled âKey MethodologiesâThe following is an outline of the preparation and electrochemical recipe used to achieve high-sensitivity NA detection.
- BDD Substrate Synthesis:
- Technique: Microwave Assisted Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (MAPCVD).
- Source Gases: Methane (Carbon source), Trimethylborane (Boron source).
- Doping Level: B/C molar ratio set at 1:1000 to achieve highly conductive, heavily boron-doped diamond.
- Processing: Applied 6 kW microwave power for a 6-hour growth period on a silicon wafer.
- BDD Pretreatment:
- The BDD wafer was ultrasonicated in 2-propanol for 10 minutes, followed by rinsing with high-purity water.
- Gold Nanoparticle Deposition (Au-BDD Preparation):
- Technique: Chronoamperometry in a single compartment cell.
- Electrolyte: 1 mM HAuCl4·4H2O solution in 0.5 mM H2SO4.
- Deposition Recipe: Optimized at a potential of -200 mV for 100 seconds, resulting in dispersed Au particles 10-50 nm in size.
- Neuraminidase (NA) Inhibition Reaction:
- Reactants: Zanamivir (inhibitor) and NA (enzyme) in 0.1 M Phosphate Buffer Solution (PBS).
- Optimal Conditions: Reaction conducted at pH 5.5 and 37 °C.
- Incubation Time: Optimized inhibition reaction time of 25 minutes.
- Reaction Termination: NA activity stopped by adding 0.014 M NaOH in 83% ethanol solution.
- Electrochemical Measurement:
- Technique: Cyclic Voltammetry (CV).
- System: Three-electrode system (Au-BDD working, Pt wire counter, Ag/AgCl reference).
- Detection Principle: NA presence reduces the adsorption of Zanamivir on the Au surface, causing an increase in the gold oxidation and reduction peak currents, which are then monitored linearly against NA concentration.
6CCVD Solutions & Capabilities
Section titled â6CCVD Solutions & CapabilitiesâThis research validates the critical role of custom, high-quality Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) substrates in developing next-generation electrochemical biosensors. 6CCVD is uniquely positioned to supply the materials and processing required to replicate and advance this work.
Applicable Materials
Section titled âApplicable MaterialsâThe study requires a highly conductive, stable BDD film to serve as the platform for uniform gold nanoparticle deposition.
| Requirement Profile | 6CCVD Material Recommendation | Value Proposition |
|---|---|---|
| High Conductivity | Heavy Boron-Doped PCD (Polycrystalline Diamond) or BDD Wafers | Ensures the low background current and wide potential window required for low LODs. We routinely achieve high doping concentrations suitable for electrochemical sensing. |
| High Purity Platform | 6CCVD PCD Plates | Available up to 125mm in diameter, allowing for large-scale sensor array production far exceeding the small geometric area (0.125 cm2) used in the paper. |
| Surface Finish | PCD Polishing to Ra < 5 nm | A highly polished, flat surface is essential for achieving the required uniform dispersion and precise size control (10-50 nm) of the deposited gold nanoparticles via chronoamperometry. |
| Thickness Control | Custom BDD Thickness (0.1 ”m - 500 ”m) | We supply films with precise thickness control, allowing researchers to optimize mechanical stability and thermal properties relevant to enzyme assays (37 °C). |
Customization Potential
Section titled âCustomization PotentialâThe success of the Au-BDD electrode relies heavily on precise material synthesis parameters and electrode fabrication. 6CCVD offers complete control over these variables:
- Custom B/C Doping Ratios: The paper utilized a 1:1000 B/C ratio. 6CCVD provides custom BDD recipes, allowing engineers to fine-tune the electrochemical activity and morphology (e.g., particle size control) of the resulting diamond film to optimize gold adhesion or catalytic performance.
- Precision Metalization Services: Replication of the Au-BDD structure requires highly controlled gold deposition. 6CCVD offers internal metalization capability (Au, Pt, Pd, Ti, W, Cu). This vertically integrated service ensures immediate and precise implementation of the necessary Ti/Pt adhesion layers (if required) or direct Gold deposition optimization specific to the BDD surface chemistry.
- Custom Dimensions and Etching: To transition this research into scalable microelectrode arrays, 6CCVD provides custom laser cutting and etching services. This enables the fabrication of application-specific electrode geometries necessary for high-throughput sensor development, such as the microarray architectures mentioned in the literature.
Engineering Support
Section titled âEngineering SupportâThe electrochemical detection of non-redox active enzymes, such as Neuraminidase (NA), via indirect inhibition monitoring is a complex engineering challenge. 6CCVDâs in-house PhD-level material science team specializes in optimizing diamond material properties for demanding electrochemical and biosensing applications.
We can provide expert consultation on:
- Material Selection: Determining the optimal BDD grain size and doping level to maximize gold nanoparticle adhesion and minimize background noise.
- Surface Functionalization: Advising on pre-treatment and intermediate layer application (e.g., titanium or tungsten) prior to metal deposition to enhance interfacial stability and electron transfer kinetics.
- Scaling and Array Design: Assisting with the transition from laboratory-scale electrodes (0.125 cm2) to industrial-scale, multi-channel sensor arrays.
For custom specifications or material consultation, visit 6ccvd.com or contact our engineering team directly.
View Original Abstract
This study emphasizes the electrochemical detection of Neuraminidase (NA) based on NA inhibition by Zanamivir. The detection method was developed based on the difference of electrochemical responses of Zanamivir in the presence and the absence of NA in phosphate buffer solution (pH 5.5). Gold and gold-modified boron-doped diamond was used as the working electrode and the measurement was conducted using cyclic voltammetry method. A linear calibration curve of Zanamivir was observed in the concentration range of 5 Ă 10â6-1 Ă 10â4 mol/L (R2 = 0.991), with the estimated limit of detection (LOD) of 1.49 Ă 10â6 mol/L. The presence of NA increases the peak current of gold oxidation and reduction with linear calibration curves were monitored in the concentration range of 0-15 mU (R2 = 0.996). An estimated LOD of 0.25 mU NA and an excellent reproducibility of the detection with an RSD of 1.18% can be achieved. Application of a real sample was successfully demonstrated for NA detection in the presence of mucin, suggested that the method is promising for pharmaceutical or medical application.